How to Write significance of the study

How to Write significance of the study

The Second Day of the Workshop Series

On ‘Thesis and Dissertation Proposal Writing‘

March 23rd, 2013

Presented by Arif Hertanto

Significance of the study means a statement of why it is important to seek for the problem, and how the solution will improve the human condition. It is something that is useful and will have an impact, and is therefore feasible to conduct. Why workshop on this ‘significance of the study” is a need for candidates?


Significance of the study bears one important element of the thesis proposal. It is said that one aim of writing a thesis proposal is to demonstrate that the thesis topic addresses a significant environmental problem. It implies that research contribution is one purpose of the proposal itself. If this is the case, the purpose of the thesis proposal – both written and presentation components – is to convince the committee aware of two important things -- the specific research problem and proposed approach, as well as the sufficiency and feasibility of the proposed project. The statements might be interpreted that a thesis proposal must sell its contribution for the committee of the thesis and or dissertation proposal seminar. As the committee has been convinced of significance, they might let the candidate proceed.

In addition, experts agree that a feasible thesis proposal requires good judgment at all elements, among other is significance of the study. It concludes that the value of research contribution is of something great, and thesis proposal must contain of right significance. Without significant contribution, a thesis proposal will neither be appreciated nor regarded feasible to go on, let alone to be funded.

Though the discussion of thesis significance seems to make candidates convinced of its worthwhile value, the fact is that they are generally in so much trouble with this part. In almost every proposal seminar, candidates seem to encounter difficulties in stating this part right, both in printed form and in presentation.

This workshop aims at attempting to help candidates establishing their abilities of stating right the significance of the study in the part of their thesis proposal. The paper deals with three successive parts, presentation of operational points – guided practice in groups – and individual practice. The presentation of information would cover the position of the ‘significance of the study, the requirement of originality, technique of getting the significance of study, types of significance, and criteria of significance the level of significance



POINTS OF PRESENTATION


Where is the ‘significance of the study’ situated of the thesis proposal?

In general, authors and experts are in agreement of sitting this part at the end of the introduction (chapter 1), next to the hypothesis of the thesis proposal. However, the embryo should be available since at the background. This is in line with the statement: ‘sufficient background information will allow the readers to understand the -- significance of the question you are trying to address.’



The requirement of originality

Experts in general say that a contribution is worthwhile to the field if it fulfills one or more of the following:

· It provides evidence to support or disprove a concept, theory, or model;

· It contributes new data/information,

a new improved solution,

analysis procedure,

research methodology;

· It results in a new or improved concept, theory or model.



How to get the significance of study

On the techniques of how to result in a sound significance of the study, experts in general suggest that the candidates


· Focus on the benefits of the study not the research problem.


· Place yourself in the position of responding to someone who says “So what?”

· Provide a persuasive rationale for your argument by answering the following questions:

Why is my study important?

To whom is it important?

What can happen to society, theory, or a program if the study is done or not done?

Further suggestion is that
· Research contributions be clearly and explicitly listed;
· When presenting contributions, "I" be used instead of "we".
To avoid mentioning the subject noun or pronoun repeatedly, it is acceptable to use passive voice. The suggestion is meant that the committee will know what aspects of the work, where the contribution, and which group projects.



Types of Significance

On deciding which types of significance or contribution to be sought, the candidates should bear in their minds that thesis contribution is a technical result of both substantially novel and creating significantly new knowledge. A technical result bears a solution of a technical problem. In this case, experts are in more or less the same idea to mention four types of technical results:

a. A theory consisting of a body of theorems and their proofs from first principles.

b. An algorithm that computes certain output from a given input.

c. A performance analysis describing quantifiable behaviors of a large class of mechanisms, or characterizing optimal selection of their control parameters.

d. A design for a hardware, software or protocol mechanism capable of resolving a broad class of problems.







Criteria of Significance

As research contribution stipulates whether or not the proposal may proceed, its significance needs to be judged. Then, there must be the criteria to which the significance would be referred. To meet this demand, the following ideas might be useful. It is suggested there that each major contribution must demonstrate

·Novelty

·Non-triviality,

·Usefulness (so, "first", "best", "only" are good adjectives here)

·Length of time along which the contribution may last



What is meant with novelty is that it is something new, something that has not been done, found, proved, or seen before. The novelty also means that the would-obtain research finding will

· Add to knowledge,

· Changes the way people think,

· Informs policy,

· Moves the field forward, or advances the state of the art.

Such objectives are often not easy for candidate to achieve. Candidates, therefore requires strategies to strive. The accepted idea of two alternatives is either to

· Develop an original insight or advance, or

· Borrow a contribution from another discipline and apply it to your field for the first time.



In case of being confused, the candidate may consult to the advisors as to ask or discuss of

· What is expected of you in terms of originality?

· Samples of exemplary completed dissertations,

· How you can most clearly display your original contribution to the reader.

· Are you expected to make a significant contribution in your dissertation, or

· Are you expected to demonstrate that you are capable of making a significant contribution in later work?



In conclusion, the criteria of significance are as follows. The significance

· Offers novelty of significance;

· Results in a nontrivial genuine;

· Uses and or yields a very important breakthrough at the empirical, conceptual, theoretical, or policy level;

· Is useful and will have an impact;

· Causes those inside, and possibly those outside, the community to see things differently;

· Influences the conversation, research, and teaching;

· Has implications for and advances the field, the discipline, other disciplines, or society.



The level of significance

Experts in thesis writing are commonly in the same opinion of originality or genuine. There are degrees of significance for the committee to judge significance of the proposal contribution. They are

· At the highest level, significance is a function of the field's long-term interest in the problem,

· The second highest, the difficulty involved in solving the problem,

· The third highest, the influence of the results on further developments in the field, as well as

· And the last, the degree to which the results affect other fields, disciplines, and even society

For the committee of proposal seminar, their main concern should be on answering the question of whether or not the novelty is genuine. To answer this problem, an alternative idea might be operational, that is the novelty of substance is fulfilled if the contribution cannot be derived as a simple application or extension of known result.







PRACTICE

A. Guided Practice

Analyze the following samples of thesis significance, locate the possible error and unworthy contribution by underlining the identified error!



Title

1. The effectiveness of brainstorming by words guessing in reading comprehension

2. A correlational study between students’ habit in browsing English article in the internet and their vocabulary mastery

3. Improving students’ writing skill in the use of cohesive devices through students team achievement division (STAD)





Significance of the study

1. For teacher, this technique will help teacher to motivate students learning reading and as alternative technique for the teacher to apply in the classroom

English teacher know their students achievement in reading, so they can make their students active

For English students, this research having experienced in using brainstorming by words guessing, so they can increase the reading competence



2. For the lecturer, This research can be a reference for the lecturers in knowing the students’ habit in browsing the internet

Lecturers will get some information about students’ vocabulary mastery, so they can make further treatment to increase the students’ vocabulary mastery.

For the students, hopefully, this way can be useful for students to increase their English vocabulary. They can do this by browsing English article in the internet.



3. For the English teacher, teacher gets experience in teaching writing competence especially in the use of cohesive devices through STAD

The teacher can knows their students ability in using cohesive devices, so they can anticipate the students problems.

For the students, the students will know how to use STAD to improve their cohesive devices in writing

The students will know their mistakes in using devices, so they will not repeat their mistakes





Could you suggest any revision or paraphrase?



B. Free Practice

Learn this example of significance!

Title: The Use of Indonesian Language in Official Letter Written by the Students of Office Administration Program of Business Department and Secretarial Diploma Program of Social Studies Faculty of Malang Teacher Training Institute



Theoretical benefits
The results of this study can be used as a study of the differences between 'error' and 'mistake.' Some of the data shows that there is the possibility that a mistake is only a 'mistake', for example, the use of fault removal in the form of a dot at the end of the sentence. In reality, having to use a dot at the end of the sentence is very generally known, even by researchers, sixth grade elementary school students were informed about it. In this case is very unlikely that the student did not / do not know this requirement. In other words, mistakes are recording did was a 'mistake.'



The results of this study can affirm the principles of the theory of writing a letter. In theory writes letter stated that the language should be clear, straightforward and appropriate. For that, there are some mistakes to avoid. In the study it was found that the errors mentioned in the theory of writing is indeed the case. In fact, in this study, it was discovered an error that has not been described in the theoretical discussion about writing a letter. Such errors are the removal of conjunctions at the beginning of the sentence so that the function of the tagged clause is unclear.
The results of this study may provide new insights in research writing skills, especially the ability to write a letter. In this study found an association between the use of certain words that are not appropriate or do not skimp on the idea of ​​unity or coherence of the sentence is not good. This fact is reasonable because the word is the element of the sentence. Based on these findings can be observed relationship problems unity and coherence of ideas sentence paragraph unity and coherence of ideas / content of the letter. This is due to sentence a paragraph element.



Practical benefits
The results of this study are expected to provide information on trends in Indonesian language errors in writing a formal letter. This information can be used as material to enhance the ability to write a letter to the students who will be involved in the administration or in the teaching administration.


The results can be fed back to the Indonesian teacher correspondence course so they know the extent of teaching undertaken, especially in the aspect of language use.


Through this research, the teachers of Indonesian Correspondence gained information about the linguistic aspects that need to be under pressure in preparing the course syllabus or in a broader scope, the curriculum department.



Could you write your own significance of your own study now?

Reference

Carter, Dr. Wendy. 2009. The Proposal Writing Guide: How to Write a Winning Thesis Proposal. Excerpts from an article about how to write a thesis proposal — written by Finish Line, the free monthly newsletter of TA-DA! ™. Dianne Prost O'Leary. 2009. Graduate Study In The Computer And Mathematical Sciences: A Survival Manual. Maryland College Park, MD 20742 U.S.A.:  Computer Science Department. University of Maryland. Barbara von Diether, EdD. How to Write a Dissertation http://www.cs.umd.edu/users/oleary oleary@cs.umd.edu http://www.geo.utep.edu/Grad_Info/prop_guide.html http://www.hartwick.edu/anthropology/proposal.htm http://csdl.ics.hawaii.edu/FAQ/FAQ/thesis-proposal.html http://www.butler.edu/honors/PropsTheses.html  http://www.cs.umd.edu/~oleary/gradstudy/node10.html Kim Kastens, et al. 2009. How to Write Your Thesis.

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Pelajari semua materi berikut :

 
ARTICLE ON EDUCATION

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Discovering Ideas Handbook

ENGLISH FOR THE PROFESSIONALS 

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HOW TO FIND A GOOD THESIS 

How to make a good thesis titles

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HOW TO WRITE A PHD THESIS PROPOSAL

HOW TO WRITE A THESIS PROPOSAL OUTLINE 

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BUDAYA POLITIK

Pengertian Budaya

Kata budaya berasal dari Bahasa Saduri pendahulu atau leluhur mereka karena budaya bersifat turun-temurun dan diwariskan dari generasi ke generasi. Jika berbicara masalah budaya mungkin orang akan langsung mengkait-kaitkannya dengan adat istiadat atau kesenian. Padahal dari pengertian budaya saja sudah dapat kita ambil kesimpulan bahwa budaya adalah segala sesuatu yang berasal dari akal manusia termasuk agama, ilmu pengetahuan, taknologi, bangunan, dan bahasa.

Pengertian Politik

Kata politik berasal dari Bahasa Yunani yaitu Polis yang berarti negara kota atau policy yang dalam Bahasa Inggris berarti kebijakan. Sedangkan dalam Bahasa Arab, politik disebut juga dengan siyasah yang berarti cerdik atau bijaksana. Dari beberapa pengertian tersebut, dapat kita simpulkan bahwa politik selalu berkaitan dengan pengambilan keputusan, kebijakan, dan kekuasaan. Politik pada dasarnya mempunyai ruang lingkup negara, karena negara adalah lembaga politik tinggi yang mempengaruhi kehidupan masyarakat. Politik juga mencakup ide, asas, sejarah, dan kelompok masyarakat.

Pengertian Budaya Politik Menurut Para Ahli

Dari pembahasan tentang pengertian budaya dan pengertian politik diatas, pasti kita sudah paham atau minimal sudah mempunyai sedikit gambaran mengenai apa itu budaya politik. Agar semakin jelas, berikut adalah beberapa pengertian budaya politik menurut para ahli.

• Sidney Verba. Politik merupakan suuatu sistem kepercayaai empirik, simbolik, serta nilai-nilai yang menegaskan suatu situasi dimana tindakan politik dilakukan.
• Alan R. Ball. Budaya politik merupakan suatu susunan yang terdiri atas sikap, kepercayaan, emosi, dan nilai-nilai masyarakat yang berhubungan dengan sistem dan isu politik.
• Robert Dahl. Budaya politik adalah aspek politik dari sistem nilai-nilai yang terdiri ide, pengetahuan, adat istiadat, tahayul dan mitos. Kesemuanya ini dikenal dan diakui sebagain besar masyarakat. Budaya politik tersebut memberi rasional untuk menolak atau menerima nilai-nilai dan norma lain.
• Lucian Pye. Budaya politik terlebih pada aspek perkembangan politik di negara berkembang, dengan indikator pokok menyangkut wawasan politik, bagaiman hubungan antara tujuan, dan cara standar untuk penilain aksi-aksi politik serta nilai-nilai yang menonjol bagi aksi politik.
• Mochtar Masoed. Budaya politik adalah sikap dan orientasi warga suatu negara terhadap kehidupan pemerintahan negara dan politik di negaranya.
• Marbun. Budaya politik adalah adalah sikap, pilihan, dan orientasi politik warga negara terhadap sistem politik di negaranya dan yang dilaksanakan dalam masyarakatnya.
• Rusadi Sumiputra. Budaya politik adalah pola tingkah laku individu dan orientasinya terhadap kehidupan politik yang dihayati oleh seluruh anggota sistem politik tersebut.
• Albert Widjaja. Budaya politik adalah aspek politik dari sistem nilai-nilai yang terdiri ide, pengetahuan, adat istiadat, tahayul, atau mitosyang kesemuanya ini dikenal dan diakui oleh sebagain besar masyarakat. Budaya politik tersebut memberi pengaruh terhadap seseorang untuk menolak atau menerima nilai-nilai dan norma lain.

Tipe-Tipe Budaya Politik

Berdasarkan sikap warga negara terhadap kehidupan politik dan pemerintahan di negaranya, budaya politik dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga tipe, yaitu budaya politik apatis (parokial), budaya politik mobilisasi (subjek), serta budaya politik partisipasif (aktif).

• Budaya Politik Apatis (Parokial). Budaya politik jenis ini terdapat pada masyarakat yang masih tradisional seperti di desa-desa terpencil atau masyarakat suku pedalaman. Pada budaya masyarakat parokial, perhatian dan minat terhadap objek-objek politik yang luas sangat kecil sekali bahkan tidak ada, kecuali dalam batas tertentu di tempat mereka tinggal. Mochtar Masoed bahkan menyatakan bahwa masyarakat jenis ini samasekali tidak menyadari atau mengabaikan adanya politik dan pemerintahan. Jadi sederhananya, masyarakat dengan budaya politik parokial bersikap acuh dan masa bodoh terhadap kondisi politik dan pemerintahan di negaranya (apatis).


• Budaya Politik Mobilisasi (Subjek).  Budaya politik mobilisasi biasanya terdapat pada masyarakat pedesaan dan daerah-daerah pinggiran. Masyarakat jenis ini sebenarnya telah memiliki perhatian dan kesadaran terhadap politik, meskipun dalam frekuensi yang masih sangat rendah. Posisi mereka dalam politik dapat dikatakan dapat dikatakan berada dalam posisi yang pasif. Mereka cenderung bersikap patuh dan tidak mau menentang kebijakan yang diambil oleh pemeran politik. Budaya politik mobilisasi ini dapat dikatakan sebagai masyarakat yang cenderung bersikap pasif dan tidak memiliki kesadaran untuk aktif di politik untuk menjadi aktor politik.


• Budaya Politik Partisipasif. Pada budaya politik jenis ini, anggota masyarakat sudah memiliki kesadaran penuh dan memiliki peran aktif dalam kegiatan politik. Masyarakat sudah tidak lagi hanya menerima segala keputusan pemerintah, namun sudah berani menentang dan mengkritik serta sudah mulai menyadari hak dan kewajibannya sebagai warga negara. Masyarakat jenis ini juga sudah mulai melibatkan diri sebagai aktor politik.

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ENGLISH FOR THE PROFESSIONALS

 ENGLISH FOR THE professionals
c e m e n t

Part I

Cloze Procedure

Give one correct answer to each of the missing parts in the following text with the best choice out of the available alternatives

Portland cement, the most 1)....... used binding ingredient 2)....... concrete, is a 3)....... of limestone, shale 4)....... clay, and sometimes 5).......  burned at high 6)....... The process was 7)....... in England in 8)....... by Joseph Aspdin,d the name 10)....... because the product 11)....... stone from the 12)....... of Portland. Limestone, 13)......., and clay are 14)....... from the ground 15)....... transported by overhead 16)......., truck, or, train 17)....... the cement plant. The 18)....... must be blasted 19)....... its natural formation 20)....... the cement industry 21)....... large amounts of 22)....... for this purpose. 23)....... agent for building 24)........ There are several 25)....... of cements, but 26)....... cement is the 27)....... type produced for 28)....... in mortar and 29)........ The others are 30)....... plaster of Paris, 31)....... cement, natu­ral cement, 32)....... other less well‑known 33).......

Part II

Paragraph Building

Develop the scrambling sentences below into a sound paragraph!

A temperature of about 2,600⁰ to 2,900⁰ F. is attained in the burnin zone.

Fuel is introduced at the lower end in the form of pulverized coal, a spray of oil, or gas, conveyed by a blast of hot air drawn from the cooler.

The kiln, set at an inclination of a few to tenths of an in. per foot, is rotated at a speed of one revolution in 1 to 2 min., which causes the charge to travel slowly down to the end.

The mixture is finely pulverized either in the dry condition (known as the "dry process") or with water known as the "wet process").

The raw mix is introduced into  the upper end of a rotary kiln, which is a steel cylinder from 150 to 500 ft. in length and from 8 to 15 ft. in diameter, lined with  refractory brick.

Today Portland cement is made from the raw materials noted above, carefully proportioned to meet the demands of construction engineers.

 

Part III

Reading Text

 

Read the following text part by part correctly so as to get

the points of knowledge and information available!

 aa

 Manufacture

Today Portland cement is made from the raw materials noted above, carefully proportioned to meet the demands of construction engineers. The mixture is finely pulverized either in the dry condition (known as the "dry process") or with water known as the "wet process"). The raw mix is introduced into  the upper end of a rotary kiln, which is a steel cylinder from 150 to 500 ft. in length and from 8 to 15 ft. in diameter, lined with  refractory brick. The kiln, set at an inclination of a few         to tenths of an in. per foot, is rotated at a speed of one revolution in 1 to 2 min., which causes the charge to travel slowly down to the end. Fuel is introduced at the lower end in the form of pulverized coal, a spray of oil, or gas, conveyed by a blast of hot air drawn from the cooler. A temperature of about 2,600⁰ to 2,900⁰ F. is attained in the burnin zone.

BB

Portland Cement

Portland cement, the most extensively used binding ingredient of concrete, is a combination of limestone, shale or clay, and sometimes silica, burned at high temperatures. The process was patented in England in 1824 by Joseph Aspdin, who used the name "Portland" because the product resembled stone from the Isle of Portland. Limestone, shale, and clay are taken from the ground and transported by overhead conveyor, truck, or, train to the cement plant. The lime­stone must be blasted from its natural formation and the cement industry uses large amounts of explosives for this purpose. Bonding agent for building material. There are several varieties of cements, but Portland cement is the chief type produced for use in mortar and concrete. The others are lime, plaster of Paris, aluminous cement, natu­ral cement, and other less well‑known types.

CC

 Types and Blends

Several types and blends of Portland cement‑are generally recognized: Type I for a genera]‑purpose, concrete; Type II for use where moderate heat evolution during hardening, or moderate resistance to sulfate waters, is required;' Type III for use where high early strength is required; Type IV for use where low heat evolution during hardening is required; Type V for use where high resistance to the action of sulfate waters is required. Air‑entrained cement is for use especially where the concrete will be exposed to excessive alterations from freezing and thawing. White cement is a Portland cement in which the iron oxide content is kept so low that the product is nearly without color. Masonry cement may consist of various but is usually interground mixture consisting principally of Portland cement and limestone. Slag cement is an interground mixture, of Portland cement and granulated blast‑furnace slag. Pozzolan cement is an interground mixture of Portland cement and a volcanic tuff, found principally in Italy.

Portland cement is shipped both in bulk and in bags of 94 lb. each, but the unit of reference is the barrel, consisting of 4 bags and weighing 376 lb., as specified by the American Society for Testing Materials.

DD

Cement  Products

The  process of Portland cement derives solely from its ability, to produce bonded construction material when mixed with water. The most important cement product is concrete, which consists of cement paste (cement plus water) to which has been added fine aggregate such as sand mid coarse aggregate such as gravel or crushed stone. The cement paste binds these aggregates together into a hard stonelike body that finds extensive use in the building industry. Mortar is similar to concrete except that the coarse aggregate is omitted. The product is used chiefly for bonding brick and masonry structures. Many other cement products are  produced for special purposes. These include cement brick, cement block, cinder block,, cast stone, cement pipe, & bestos‑cenient products, and many other items of construction.

Consult Bogue, R. H., Chemistry of Portland Cement (2d ed., 1955);

Lea, F. M. and Desch, C. H., Chemistry of Cement and Concrete

(2d ed., 1956)

Dr. Robert H. Bogue, Chemical Engineering Consultant

See a1so Adhesive; Concrete

Part IV

Exercises

aa Comprehension and Precis

Answer the following questions!

1. Portland Cement

1.1.  State the process of Portland cement!

1.2.  What is the main product of cement? What does it consist of?

1.3.  How does cement paste work  in the building industry?

1.4.  What is Mortar like?

1.5.  What is mortar mainly used for?

1.6.  Could you mention other uses of cement products? State!

1.7.  List the necessary items of construction!

2. Manufacture

2.1.  How is portland cement made today?

2. 2.   How many processes available for mixture pulverization? Mention!

2. 3.  Could you explain each? Do it!

2. 4.  How is the kiln rotated?

2. 5.  Where and how is fuel introduced?

2. 6.  At what degree is the temperature attained in the burning zone?

3. Types and Blends

3.1  Do you know how many types and blends of portland cement available?    Mention!

3.2.  Explain how each type and blend is used!

3.3.   What is white cement?

3. 4.  What does masonry cement contain?

3. 5.  What does interground mixture usually contain?

3. 6.  What is slag cement?

3. 7.  Do you know where Pozzolan cement is generally found?  What kind of it?

3. 8.  About portland cement, how is it sent abroad?

4. Cement  Products

4. 1.  Where does the process of portland cement derive from? What is its ability?

4. 2.  What is the most principal cement product?

4. 3.  What does concrete consist of?

4. 4.  What does the aggregate  contains?

4. 5.  What is mortar? What is the difference of it from concrete?

4. 6.  What is it used for?

4. 7.   Mention other product of cement!

BB Lexical Development

Find at least one synonymous expression, or supply the appropriate meaning for each of the bold meaning units of the discouse below!

 Types and Blends

Several types and. blends of Portland cement‑are generally recognized: Type I for a genera]‑purpose, concrete; Type II for use where moderate heat evolution during hardening, or moderate resistance to sulfate waters, is required;' Type III for use where high early strength is required; Type IV for use where low heat evolution during hardening is required; Type V for use where high resistance to the action of sulfate waters is required. Air‑entrained cement is for use especially where the concrete will be exposed to excessive alterations from freezing and thawing. White cement is a Portland cement in which the iron oxide content is kept so low that the product is nearly without color. Masonry cement may consist of various various but is usually interground mixture consisting principally of Portland cement and limestone. Slag cement is an interground mixture, of Portland cement and granulated blast‑furnace slag. Pozzolan cement is an interground mixture of Portland cement and a volcanic tuff, found principally in Italy.

Portland cement is shipped both in bulk and in bags of 94 lb. each, but the unit of reference is the barrel, consisting of 4 bags and weighing 376 lb., as specified by the American Society for Testing Materials.

CC Translation

 Translate the discourse below into Indonesian!

Early masonry structures were bonded with a cement produced by burning an impure clayish limestone at a relatively low temperature. The portions that sin­tered, forming hard clinkers, were discarded. It remained for engineers  of the late l8th and early 19th centuries to discover that these clinkers, when pulverized and mixed with water to form a paste, produced a material stronger than those made from unsintered powder. A British patent for this material was taken out in 1824 by Joseph Aspdin, who called it Portland cement because of its resemblance to a natural limestone quarried on the Isle of Portland in England.

Some limestones were found to contain the ideal per­centages of silica and alumina for making Portland ce­ment; these deposits came to be known as "cement rock." But, in order to obtain the correct raw‑mix composition, it has been necessary to intermix limestone with clay or shale, sometimes with the further addition of some form of silica, such as quartz sand, and iron oxide, such as iron ore.

The first Portland cements were made in vertical or shaft kilns,  in much the same manner as quicklime was produced. Some of these old kilns may still be seen near Coplay, Pa., where Portland cement was first made in the United States in 1871. By the turn of the century, the rotary kiln had become the dominant equipment.

DD Constituent Analysis

Study how the following sample sentence is cut down into its major constituents.

Sample sentence:

Portland cement, the most extensively used binding ingredient of

concrete, is a combination of limestone, shale or clay, and sometimes silica,

burned at high temperatures.

Constituent Analysis

Portland cement, the most extensively used binding ingredient of

      Noun Head                                    Adjectival    Phrase             

concrete, ---

--- is a combination of limestone, shale or clay, and sometimes

                                       Predicative/Verbal Phrase

silica, ---

--- burned at high temperatures.

               Passive Participle

Give the rest constituent analysis like the sample above!

1.  The process was patented in England in 1824 by Joseph Aspdin, who used the name "Portland" because the product resembled stone from the Isle of Portland.

2.  Limestone, shale, and clay are taken from the ground and transported by overhead conveyor, truck, or, train to the cement plant.

3.   The lime­stone must be blasted from its natural formation and the cement industry uses large amounts of explosives for this purpose.

4.  As a bonding agent for building material, cement divers in several varieties, but Portland cement is the chief type produced for use in mortar and concrete.

5.   The others are lime, plaster of Paris, aluminous cement, natu­ral cement, and other less well‑known types.

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of Comprehension and Precis

The  process of Portland cement derive solely from its ability to produce bonded construction material when mixed with water.

The most important cement product is concrete, which consists of cement paste (cement plus water) to which has been added fine aggregate such as sand mid coarse aggregate such as gravel or crushed stone.

The cement paste binds these aggregates together into a hard stonelike body that finds extensive use in the building industry.

Mortar is similar to concrete except that the coarse aggregate is omitted.

The product is used chiefly for bonding brick and masonry structures.

Many other cement products are produced for special purposes.

These include cement brick, cement block, cinder block,, cast stone, cement pipe, & bestos‑cenient products, and many other items of construction.

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