ENGLISH FOR THE PROFESSIONALS

 ENGLISH FOR THE professionals
c e m e n t

Part I

Cloze Procedure

Give one correct answer to each of the missing parts in the following text with the best choice out of the available alternatives

Portland cement, the most 1)....... used binding ingredient 2)....... concrete, is a 3)....... of limestone, shale 4)....... clay, and sometimes 5).......  burned at high 6)....... The process was 7)....... in England in 8)....... by Joseph Aspdin,d the name 10)....... because the product 11)....... stone from the 12)....... of Portland. Limestone, 13)......., and clay are 14)....... from the ground 15)....... transported by overhead 16)......., truck, or, train 17)....... the cement plant. The 18)....... must be blasted 19)....... its natural formation 20)....... the cement industry 21)....... large amounts of 22)....... for this purpose. 23)....... agent for building 24)........ There are several 25)....... of cements, but 26)....... cement is the 27)....... type produced for 28)....... in mortar and 29)........ The others are 30)....... plaster of Paris, 31)....... cement, natu­ral cement, 32)....... other less well‑known 33).......

Part II

Paragraph Building

Develop the scrambling sentences below into a sound paragraph!

A temperature of about 2,600⁰ to 2,900⁰ F. is attained in the burnin zone.

Fuel is introduced at the lower end in the form of pulverized coal, a spray of oil, or gas, conveyed by a blast of hot air drawn from the cooler.

The kiln, set at an inclination of a few to tenths of an in. per foot, is rotated at a speed of one revolution in 1 to 2 min., which causes the charge to travel slowly down to the end.

The mixture is finely pulverized either in the dry condition (known as the "dry process") or with water known as the "wet process").

The raw mix is introduced into  the upper end of a rotary kiln, which is a steel cylinder from 150 to 500 ft. in length and from 8 to 15 ft. in diameter, lined with  refractory brick.

Today Portland cement is made from the raw materials noted above, carefully proportioned to meet the demands of construction engineers.

 

Part III

Reading Text

 

Read the following text part by part correctly so as to get

the points of knowledge and information available!

 aa

 Manufacture

Today Portland cement is made from the raw materials noted above, carefully proportioned to meet the demands of construction engineers. The mixture is finely pulverized either in the dry condition (known as the "dry process") or with water known as the "wet process"). The raw mix is introduced into  the upper end of a rotary kiln, which is a steel cylinder from 150 to 500 ft. in length and from 8 to 15 ft. in diameter, lined with  refractory brick. The kiln, set at an inclination of a few         to tenths of an in. per foot, is rotated at a speed of one revolution in 1 to 2 min., which causes the charge to travel slowly down to the end. Fuel is introduced at the lower end in the form of pulverized coal, a spray of oil, or gas, conveyed by a blast of hot air drawn from the cooler. A temperature of about 2,600⁰ to 2,900⁰ F. is attained in the burnin zone.

BB

Portland Cement

Portland cement, the most extensively used binding ingredient of concrete, is a combination of limestone, shale or clay, and sometimes silica, burned at high temperatures. The process was patented in England in 1824 by Joseph Aspdin, who used the name "Portland" because the product resembled stone from the Isle of Portland. Limestone, shale, and clay are taken from the ground and transported by overhead conveyor, truck, or, train to the cement plant. The lime­stone must be blasted from its natural formation and the cement industry uses large amounts of explosives for this purpose. Bonding agent for building material. There are several varieties of cements, but Portland cement is the chief type produced for use in mortar and concrete. The others are lime, plaster of Paris, aluminous cement, natu­ral cement, and other less well‑known types.

CC

 Types and Blends

Several types and blends of Portland cement‑are generally recognized: Type I for a genera]‑purpose, concrete; Type II for use where moderate heat evolution during hardening, or moderate resistance to sulfate waters, is required;' Type III for use where high early strength is required; Type IV for use where low heat evolution during hardening is required; Type V for use where high resistance to the action of sulfate waters is required. Air‑entrained cement is for use especially where the concrete will be exposed to excessive alterations from freezing and thawing. White cement is a Portland cement in which the iron oxide content is kept so low that the product is nearly without color. Masonry cement may consist of various but is usually interground mixture consisting principally of Portland cement and limestone. Slag cement is an interground mixture, of Portland cement and granulated blast‑furnace slag. Pozzolan cement is an interground mixture of Portland cement and a volcanic tuff, found principally in Italy.

Portland cement is shipped both in bulk and in bags of 94 lb. each, but the unit of reference is the barrel, consisting of 4 bags and weighing 376 lb., as specified by the American Society for Testing Materials.

DD

Cement  Products

The  process of Portland cement derives solely from its ability, to produce bonded construction material when mixed with water. The most important cement product is concrete, which consists of cement paste (cement plus water) to which has been added fine aggregate such as sand mid coarse aggregate such as gravel or crushed stone. The cement paste binds these aggregates together into a hard stonelike body that finds extensive use in the building industry. Mortar is similar to concrete except that the coarse aggregate is omitted. The product is used chiefly for bonding brick and masonry structures. Many other cement products are  produced for special purposes. These include cement brick, cement block, cinder block,, cast stone, cement pipe, & bestos‑cenient products, and many other items of construction.

Consult Bogue, R. H., Chemistry of Portland Cement (2d ed., 1955);

Lea, F. M. and Desch, C. H., Chemistry of Cement and Concrete

(2d ed., 1956)

Dr. Robert H. Bogue, Chemical Engineering Consultant

See a1so Adhesive; Concrete

Part IV

Exercises

aa Comprehension and Precis

Answer the following questions!

1. Portland Cement

1.1.  State the process of Portland cement!

1.2.  What is the main product of cement? What does it consist of?

1.3.  How does cement paste work  in the building industry?

1.4.  What is Mortar like?

1.5.  What is mortar mainly used for?

1.6.  Could you mention other uses of cement products? State!

1.7.  List the necessary items of construction!

2. Manufacture

2.1.  How is portland cement made today?

2. 2.   How many processes available for mixture pulverization? Mention!

2. 3.  Could you explain each? Do it!

2. 4.  How is the kiln rotated?

2. 5.  Where and how is fuel introduced?

2. 6.  At what degree is the temperature attained in the burning zone?

3. Types and Blends

3.1  Do you know how many types and blends of portland cement available?    Mention!

3.2.  Explain how each type and blend is used!

3.3.   What is white cement?

3. 4.  What does masonry cement contain?

3. 5.  What does interground mixture usually contain?

3. 6.  What is slag cement?

3. 7.  Do you know where Pozzolan cement is generally found?  What kind of it?

3. 8.  About portland cement, how is it sent abroad?

4. Cement  Products

4. 1.  Where does the process of portland cement derive from? What is its ability?

4. 2.  What is the most principal cement product?

4. 3.  What does concrete consist of?

4. 4.  What does the aggregate  contains?

4. 5.  What is mortar? What is the difference of it from concrete?

4. 6.  What is it used for?

4. 7.   Mention other product of cement!

BB Lexical Development

Find at least one synonymous expression, or supply the appropriate meaning for each of the bold meaning units of the discouse below!

 Types and Blends

Several types and. blends of Portland cement‑are generally recognized: Type I for a genera]‑purpose, concrete; Type II for use where moderate heat evolution during hardening, or moderate resistance to sulfate waters, is required;' Type III for use where high early strength is required; Type IV for use where low heat evolution during hardening is required; Type V for use where high resistance to the action of sulfate waters is required. Air‑entrained cement is for use especially where the concrete will be exposed to excessive alterations from freezing and thawing. White cement is a Portland cement in which the iron oxide content is kept so low that the product is nearly without color. Masonry cement may consist of various various but is usually interground mixture consisting principally of Portland cement and limestone. Slag cement is an interground mixture, of Portland cement and granulated blast‑furnace slag. Pozzolan cement is an interground mixture of Portland cement and a volcanic tuff, found principally in Italy.

Portland cement is shipped both in bulk and in bags of 94 lb. each, but the unit of reference is the barrel, consisting of 4 bags and weighing 376 lb., as specified by the American Society for Testing Materials.

CC Translation

 Translate the discourse below into Indonesian!

Early masonry structures were bonded with a cement produced by burning an impure clayish limestone at a relatively low temperature. The portions that sin­tered, forming hard clinkers, were discarded. It remained for engineers  of the late l8th and early 19th centuries to discover that these clinkers, when pulverized and mixed with water to form a paste, produced a material stronger than those made from unsintered powder. A British patent for this material was taken out in 1824 by Joseph Aspdin, who called it Portland cement because of its resemblance to a natural limestone quarried on the Isle of Portland in England.

Some limestones were found to contain the ideal per­centages of silica and alumina for making Portland ce­ment; these deposits came to be known as "cement rock." But, in order to obtain the correct raw‑mix composition, it has been necessary to intermix limestone with clay or shale, sometimes with the further addition of some form of silica, such as quartz sand, and iron oxide, such as iron ore.

The first Portland cements were made in vertical or shaft kilns,  in much the same manner as quicklime was produced. Some of these old kilns may still be seen near Coplay, Pa., where Portland cement was first made in the United States in 1871. By the turn of the century, the rotary kiln had become the dominant equipment.

DD Constituent Analysis

Study how the following sample sentence is cut down into its major constituents.

Sample sentence:

Portland cement, the most extensively used binding ingredient of

concrete, is a combination of limestone, shale or clay, and sometimes silica,

burned at high temperatures.

Constituent Analysis

Portland cement, the most extensively used binding ingredient of

      Noun Head                                    Adjectival    Phrase             

concrete, ---

--- is a combination of limestone, shale or clay, and sometimes

                                       Predicative/Verbal Phrase

silica, ---

--- burned at high temperatures.

               Passive Participle

Give the rest constituent analysis like the sample above!

1.  The process was patented in England in 1824 by Joseph Aspdin, who used the name "Portland" because the product resembled stone from the Isle of Portland.

2.  Limestone, shale, and clay are taken from the ground and transported by overhead conveyor, truck, or, train to the cement plant.

3.   The lime­stone must be blasted from its natural formation and the cement industry uses large amounts of explosives for this purpose.

4.  As a bonding agent for building material, cement divers in several varieties, but Portland cement is the chief type produced for use in mortar and concrete.

5.   The others are lime, plaster of Paris, aluminous cement, natu­ral cement, and other less well‑known types.

Supply For Answers

of Comprehension and Precis

The  process of Portland cement derive solely from its ability to produce bonded construction material when mixed with water.

The most important cement product is concrete, which consists of cement paste (cement plus water) to which has been added fine aggregate such as sand mid coarse aggregate such as gravel or crushed stone.

The cement paste binds these aggregates together into a hard stonelike body that finds extensive use in the building industry.

Mortar is similar to concrete except that the coarse aggregate is omitted.

The product is used chiefly for bonding brick and masonry structures.

Many other cement products are produced for special purposes.

These include cement brick, cement block, cinder block,, cast stone, cement pipe, & bestos‑cenient products, and many other items of construction.